Opentk/CONTRIBUTING.md

# Contribution guidelines for OpenTK

## Preface
First of all, thank you for considering contributing to the OpenTK
project! It's a large codebase with a lot of twists and turns, and a
helping hand is always welcome.

There are multiple ways to contribute to the project - creating bug
reports, opening pull requests, as well as commenting on and engaging in
discussions about other contributions, to name a few. This document is
intended as a set of guidelines to help your contribution get accepted
faster, maintain a high standard, and to help us (the maintainers) set a
few ground rules for working with us.

If you have any questions about the contents of this document, the code,
or how to contribute, please drop us a line on [Gitter][1] or
[Discord][2]. We'll be happy to answer as best we can.

#### Table of Contents
1. [Things to keep in mind](#things-to-keep-in-mind)
2. [Setting Up](#setting-up)
3. [Pull Requests](#pull-requests)
	1. [Bug Fixes](#bug-fixes)
	2. [New Features](#new-features)
	3. [Cosmetic & Stylistic Changes](#cosmetic-&-stylistic-changes)
	4. [Breaking Changes](#breaking-changes)
4. [Bug Reports](#bug-reports)
5. [Discussions & Suggestions](#discussions-&-suggestions)


## Things to keep in mind
Like a lot of other modern projects, OpenTK is written for multiple
platforms and operating systems. Therefore, it's important to keep this
in mind when contributing to the project - otherwise, it may make
accepting your contribution much more difficult. You'll want to consider
that the bug you're experiencing might not be present on other platforms
or system configurations, or that your pull request doesn't take all
platforms into account. Sometimes this important, sometimes it's not.

OpenTK is also (as previously mentioned) a very large codebase which has
seen a lot of people and a lot of styles over the years. This is
reflected in the deeper, darker parts of the codebase where mixed
styles, weird naming, bizarre code and eldritch sorcery abound. What may
seem like a small change on the surface could lead you down on a path of
unraveling one thread after another, and what started off as a simple
bug fix could transform into a lot of headscratching.

To make this at least somewhat easier, here's a few concrete general
tips which you should stick to:

* Always consider cross-platform gotchas.
* Always work in small, iterative chunks which you can easily describe.
* It's a good idea to open your PR early, so that you can get quick
feedback. Tag it with "WIP" in the title.
* Avoid cosmetic or visual changes, unless your contribution is strictly
focused on that.
* Don't be afraid to ask, especially before diving in. There might be
someone else working on the very same thing already!
* Consider how your contribution might affect other contributions.
Sometimes one change will break another if you're not careful.

In terms of these guidelines, the terminology is as follows:
* Must: If your contribution does not follow this rule, it will not be
accepted.
* Should: If your contribution does not follow this rule, it has a lower
chance of being accepted.
* May: If your contribution does not follow this rule, it's probably not
going to matter that much. It'd be a nice touch, though.

With that in mind, check the following sections for more concrete and
direct guidelines.

## Setting Up
For first-time contributors, there are a few steps that you'll need to
go through in order to start contributing.

#### 1. Get a copy of the code
First, fork OpenTK to your own profile and clone a local copy.

```bash
$ git clone git@github.com:username/opentk.git
$ cd opentk
$ git remote add upstream https://github.com/opentk/opentk.git
```

#### 2. Create a working branch
**IMPORTANT**  
At the moment, the `develop` branch is frozen while we work on the 4.0 
release. All pull requests should be based on the 4.0 branch, not the 
`develop` branch. Swap `develop` for 4.0 in the upcoming sections.

Development is done against the `develop` branch - this is where all the
magic happens. Your changes should always be based on this branch, so in
order to start working, create a new branch with an appropriate name and
base it on `develop`.

```bash
$ git checkout -b my-branch -t origin/develop
```

#### 3. Let git know who you are
In order to better track changes and who does what, it's a good practice
to give git some information about yourself.

```bash
$ git config --global user.name "John Doe"
$ git config --global user.email "john.doe@example.com"
```

Optionally, you can also add your public GPG key and sign your commits -
that way, there is no question that it's definitely you that's created
the commit. GitHub has some excellent information on how to do this and
why it's a good idea - [Signing Commits With GPG][3].

```bash
$ git config --global user.signingkey QF3G6A39
$ git config --global commit.gpgsign true
```

#### 4. Commit changes
Once you've finished up a change, it's time to commit it. In doing so,
you'll be writing some sort of commit message, and there are some
guidelines for how this should be formatted. Primarily,

* Keep the first line of the commit message 50 characters or less
* Always keep the second line blank.
* If you need a longer description, keep all subsequent more descriptive
lines at 72 characters or less.

The first line is what will be visible on the commit lists on GitHub, so
make sure it's as descriptive as you can make it.

#### 5. Synchronizing your changes
Sometimes, pull requests and code changes take time, and other
contributions are accepted in the meantime. When this happens, you'll
need to synchronize your changes with what's in the main repository.
This should be done using `rebase`, not `merge`, to keep the commit
history from being cluttered with merge commits.

If you've not pushed your changes anywhere yet, it's sufficient to
simply run (when on your branch)

```bash
$ git fetch upstream
$ git rebase upstream/develop
```

to fetch the latest code and replay your work on it. However, if you've
already pushed it, you might run into some issues when pushing to your
fork after rebasing. To get around this, you'll have to forcibly push
your changes to overwrite what's in your repository.

```bash
$ git fetch --all
$ git rebase upstream/develop
$ git push --force-with-lease origin my-branch
```

#### 6. Opening a pull request
When you feel that you're all done and you've pushed your changes to
git, it's time to open a pull request and have your changes reviewed.
Before doing so, run a final test by executing the build script in the
base directory of the codebase.

```bash
$ ./build.sh
```

If it executes without any problems, you're good to go and ready to move
on to creating your [Pull Request][4].

## Pull Requests
Pull requests are without a doubt one of the more involved contribution
types. Primarily, in order for a pull request to be accepted, it must
maintain a high quality, be well tested, and not have any major breaking
changes (unless absolutely necessary). There's going to be a lot of
stuff dumped on you in the next few paragraphs, but keep in mind that
most are *guidelines*, not hard rules. Stick to them as best you can,
and when in doubt - just ask.

All pull requests must have or do the following:

* A clear, concise and descriptive title. As a rule of thumb, don't make
it longer than twelve words or 72 characters.
* A clear and detailed description of what the pull request has changed.
This includes how the behaviour of the library will change if the pull
request is accepted - a maintainer should be able to read your
description and fully understand what accepting it would mean without
having to dive into the code.
* Be based on the `develop` branch of the main OpenTK repository.

All pull requests should have the following:
* If applicable, a compilable example which demonstrates the changes. A
git repository is preferred, and your changed branch should be included
as a submodule.
* A short explanation of why you think these changes are necessary, if
it is not readily apparent from the rest of the pull request.

All code changes must follow these rules:

* The style should be adhered to religiously. In general, this is the
same as following the MSDN and CoreFX guidelines with some changes. A
complete style guide is in the works.
* All new methods, fields, properties, events, classes, structures and
enumerations must have appropriate XML documentation comments wherein
their behaviour is explained. These comments will be visible to the end
user, and should (in combination with the naming of the element) be
sufficient to fully understand what the element does.
* XML comments on methods must describe each parameter (if any).
* Changes to existing access modifiers should be avoided if at all
possible.

Furthermore, your pull request should:
* Be tested on all applicable platforms. If you do not have access to a
platform (not owning a Windows license, not having a Mac on hand, not
having Linux installed, etc), ask for help testing your fix in Gitter or
in your pull request.

### Bug Fixes
Bug fixes should resolve a single reported issue, or a collection of
issues which fall under a single common meta-issue.

Your bug fix must:

* Fix the issue on all supported platforms, or, if not applicable (such
as a platform-specific or platform-agnostic bug), make it clear that the
other platforms will not have the same issue.
* Refer to the issue number using github's pound syntax - for instance,
"This PR resolves issue #1".

### New Features
New features should introduce a single feature, capability, or
functionality to the library which was not previously present. No more
than one feature may be introduced in any one pull request.

Your feature addition must:

* Implement the feature on all supported platforms. If the feature
cannot be implemented on one platform for some reason, this must be
clearly explained in the pull request and documented in the source code.

Your feature addition should, if applicable and possible:
* Implement a set of unit tests which test the entirety of the added
public API surface. These tests must pass on the CI service (Travis).

Furthermore, if your new feature replaces or makes an existing feature
obsolete, this must be clearly stated. This may prevent your pull
request from being accepted in the current development cycle, or it may
fast-track it, depending on the changes.

### Cosmetic & Stylistic Changes
Cosmetic and stylistic changes are those changes which do not affect
executing code - that is, the library operates exactly the same way
before and after change, but the code might look nicer or follow the
style better.

A cosmetic pull request must:

* Not break any outstanding pull request, or, if both would modify the
same code, be prepared to wait until the other contribution is accepted
or rejected before being considered.
* Change an affected file in its entirety to match the style guide
standard that the contribution is using. Mixed styles are not permitted.
As an example, if the pull request adds an XML comment to a method, it
should also comment all other code elements which do not have XML
documentation in that file.

Cosmetic contributions are not required to change everything in a file.
Single atomic cosmetic changes (such as applying a single rule from the
style guide) are permitted.

### Breaking Changes
A pull request is considered to have introduced a breaking change if it
does or wants to do one of the following:

* Removes one or more public method, field, property, event, class,
structure or enumeration.
* Renames one or more public method, field, property, event, class,
structure or enumeration.
* Alters the public behaviour of an existing method or property without
fixing a bug or correcting the behaviour to an expected result.
* Changes the accessibility of a previously public API to a more
restrictive accessibility.
* Changes the method signature of a public method (renaming a parameter
does not constitute a breaking change, and is a cosmetic change).

These types of pull requests are difficult to handle, and are only
accepted as part of an active development cycle. Their contributions
will not make it into regular point releases, but can be merged into the
next major release.

In general, if your pull request introduces a breaking change, you
should follow this rule:

* No public-facing API should be deleted or made inaccessible. Instead,
you should introduce an alternate method, field or property and mark the
previous one with an `[Obsolete("Use XXX instead.")]` attribute. Code
marked obsolete in the previous development cycle is deleted when a new
cycle begins.

## Bug Reports
Every bug report must follow the [Issue Template][5]. Reports which do
not follow this template will be closed.

If you can include a compilable example which demonstrates the issue
you're having, the chances that the bug will be fixed increase
substantially. It's a lot faster to work with a problem if you have
something that quickly shows you what's going wrong. As with pull
requests, a git repository is preferred. The OpenTK version that
exhibits the issue should be included as a package reference, either
from NuGet or MyGet.

One important thing - make sure that the problem is actually an issue
with OpenTK before opening a bug. It may be a driver issue if it's
graphical, or a library problem if it's input-related. It may be a
problem with your code, or it might be an issue in a library you use. As
with most things, asking for help on Gitter, Discord, or other related
forums will help you solve your problem faster and prevent invalid bug
reports from being opened.

## Discussions & Suggestions
We're always open to suggestions and discussions about current and
future features and goals of the library. Most of these discussions take
place on Gitter, but for larger projects and goals it might be a good
idea to create a github project tracker together with the maintainers.
If you think the discussion warrants a more permanent forum, talk to us
:)

[1]: https://gitter.im/opentk/opentk
[2]: https://discord.gg/GZTYR4s
[3]: https://help.github.com/articles/signing-commits-with-gpg/
[4]: #pull-requests
[5]: https://github.com/opentk/opentk/blob/develop/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md