diff --git a/nixos/modules/module-list.nix b/nixos/modules/module-list.nix
index c2bcb2f78080..dc672e3f5c8e 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/module-list.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/module-list.nix
@@ -1519,6 +1519,7 @@
   ./tasks/filesystems/jfs.nix
   ./tasks/filesystems/nfs.nix
   ./tasks/filesystems/ntfs.nix
+  ./tasks/filesystems/overlayfs.nix
   ./tasks/filesystems/reiserfs.nix
   ./tasks/filesystems/sshfs.nix
   ./tasks/filesystems/squashfs.nix
diff --git a/nixos/modules/tasks/filesystems/overlayfs.nix b/nixos/modules/tasks/filesystems/overlayfs.nix
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e71ef9ba62e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/modules/tasks/filesystems/overlayfs.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+{ config, lib, pkgs, utils, ... }:
+
+let
+  # The scripted initrd contains some magic to add the prefix to the
+  # paths just in time, so we don't add it here.
+  sysrootPrefix = fs:
+    if config.boot.initrd.systemd.enable && (utils.fsNeededForBoot fs) then
+      "/sysroot"
+    else
+      "";
+
+  # Returns a service that creates the required directories before the mount is
+  # created.
+  preMountService = _name: fs:
+    let
+      prefix = sysrootPrefix fs;
+
+      escapedMountpoint = utils.escapeSystemdPath (prefix + fs.mountPoint);
+      mountUnit = "${escapedMountpoint}.mount";
+
+      upperdir = prefix + fs.overlay.upperdir;
+      workdir = prefix + fs.overlay.workdir;
+    in
+    lib.mkIf (fs.overlay.upperdir != null)
+      {
+        "rw-${escapedMountpoint}" = {
+          requiredBy = [ mountUnit ];
+          before = [ mountUnit ];
+          unitConfig = {
+            DefaultDependencies = false;
+            RequiresMountsFor = "${upperdir} ${workdir}";
+          };
+          serviceConfig = {
+            Type = "oneshot";
+            ExecStart = "${pkgs.coreutils}/bin/mkdir -p -m 0755 ${upperdir} ${workdir}";
+          };
+        };
+      };
+
+  overlayOpts = { config, ... }: {
+
+    options.overlay = {
+
+      lowerdir = lib.mkOption {
+        type = with lib.types; nullOr (nonEmptyListOf (either str pathInStore));
+        default = null;
+        description = lib.mdDoc ''
+          The list of path(s) to the lowerdir(s).
+
+          To create a writable overlay, you MUST provide an upperdir and a
+          workdir.
+
+          You can create a read-only overlay when you provide multiple (at
+          least 2!) lowerdirs and neither an upperdir nor a workdir.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      upperdir = lib.mkOption {
+        type = lib.types.nullOr lib.types.str;
+        default = null;
+        description = lib.mdDoc ''
+          The path to the upperdir.
+
+          If this is null, a read-only overlay is created using the lowerdir.
+
+          If you set this to some value you MUST also set `workdir`.
+        '';
+      };
+
+      workdir = lib.mkOption {
+        type = lib.types.nullOr lib.types.str;
+        default = null;
+        description = lib.mdDoc ''
+          The path to the workdir.
+
+          This MUST be set if you set `upperdir`.
+        '';
+      };
+
+    };
+
+    config = lib.mkIf (config.overlay.lowerdir != null) {
+      fsType = "overlay";
+      device = lib.mkDefault "overlay";
+
+      options =
+        let
+          prefix = sysrootPrefix config;
+
+          lowerdir = map (s: prefix + s) config.overlay.lowerdir;
+          upperdir = prefix + config.overlay.upperdir;
+          workdir = prefix + config.overlay.workdir;
+        in
+        [
+          "lowerdir=${lib.concatStringsSep ":" lowerdir}"
+        ] ++ lib.optionals (config.overlay.upperdir != null) [
+          "upperdir=${upperdir}"
+          "workdir=${workdir}"
+        ] ++ (map (s: "x-systemd.requires-mounts-for=${s}") lowerdir);
+    };
+
+  };
+in
+
+{
+
+  options = {
+
+    # Merge the overlay options into the fileSystems option.
+    fileSystems = lib.mkOption {
+      type = lib.types.attrsOf (lib.types.submodule [ overlayOpts ]);
+    };
+
+  };
+
+  config =
+    let
+      overlayFileSystems = lib.filterAttrs (_name: fs: (fs.overlay.lowerdir != null)) config.fileSystems;
+      initrdFileSystems = lib.filterAttrs (_name: utils.fsNeededForBoot) overlayFileSystems;
+      userspaceFileSystems = lib.filterAttrs (_name: fs: (!utils.fsNeededForBoot fs)) overlayFileSystems;
+    in
+    {
+
+      boot.initrd.availableKernelModules = lib.mkIf (initrdFileSystems != { }) [ "overlay" ];
+
+      assertions = lib.concatLists (lib.mapAttrsToList
+        (_name: fs: [
+          {
+            assertion = (fs.overlay.upperdir == null) == (fs.overlay.workdir == null);
+            message = "You cannot define a `lowerdir` without a `workdir` and vice versa for mount point: ${fs.mountPoint}";
+          }
+          {
+            assertion = (fs.overlay.lowerdir != null && fs.overlay.upperdir == null) -> (lib.length fs.overlay.lowerdir) >= 2;
+            message = "A read-only overlay (without an `upperdir`) requires at least 2 `lowerdir`s: ${fs.mountPoint}";
+          }
+        ])
+        config.fileSystems);
+
+      boot.initrd.systemd.services = lib.mkMerge (lib.mapAttrsToList preMountService initrdFileSystems);
+      systemd.services = lib.mkMerge (lib.mapAttrsToList preMountService userspaceFileSystems);
+
+    };
+
+}
diff --git a/nixos/tests/all-tests.nix b/nixos/tests/all-tests.nix
index 3f9dd173d3bf..153bdf71d9c5 100644
--- a/nixos/tests/all-tests.nix
+++ b/nixos/tests/all-tests.nix
@@ -301,6 +301,7 @@ in {
   fenics = handleTest ./fenics.nix {};
   ferm = handleTest ./ferm.nix {};
   ferretdb = handleTest ./ferretdb.nix {};
+  filesystems-overlayfs = runTest ./filesystems-overlayfs.nix;
   firefox = handleTest ./firefox.nix { firefoxPackage = pkgs.firefox; };
   firefox-beta = handleTest ./firefox.nix { firefoxPackage = pkgs.firefox-beta; };
   firefox-devedition = handleTest ./firefox.nix { firefoxPackage = pkgs.firefox-devedition; };
diff --git a/nixos/tests/filesystems-overlayfs.nix b/nixos/tests/filesystems-overlayfs.nix
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d7cbf640abe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nixos/tests/filesystems-overlayfs.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+{ lib, pkgs, ... }:
+
+let
+  initrdLowerdir = pkgs.runCommand "initrd-lowerdir" { } ''
+    mkdir -p $out
+    echo "initrd" > $out/initrd.txt
+  '';
+  initrdLowerdir2 = pkgs.runCommand "initrd-lowerdir-2" { } ''
+    mkdir -p $out
+    echo "initrd2" > $out/initrd2.txt
+  '';
+  userspaceLowerdir = pkgs.runCommand "userspace-lowerdir" { } ''
+    mkdir -p $out
+    echo "userspace" > $out/userspace.txt
+  '';
+  userspaceLowerdir2 = pkgs.runCommand "userspace-lowerdir-2" { } ''
+    mkdir -p $out
+    echo "userspace2" > $out/userspace2.txt
+  '';
+in
+{
+
+  name = "writable-overlays";
+
+  meta.maintainers = with lib.maintainers; [ nikstur ];
+
+  nodes.machine = { config, pkgs, ... }: {
+    boot.initrd.systemd.enable = true;
+    boot.initrd.availableKernelModules = [ "overlay" ];
+
+    virtualisation.fileSystems = {
+      "/initrd-overlay" = {
+        overlay = {
+          lowerdir = [ initrdLowerdir ];
+          upperdir = "/.rw-initrd-overlay/upper";
+          workdir = "/.rw-initrd-overlay/work";
+        };
+        neededForBoot = true;
+      };
+      "/userspace-overlay" = {
+        overlay = {
+          lowerdir = [ userspaceLowerdir ];
+          upperdir = "/.rw-userspace-overlay/upper";
+          workdir = "/.rw-userspace-overlay/work";
+        };
+      };
+      "/ro-initrd-overlay" = {
+        overlay.lowerdir = [
+          initrdLowerdir
+          initrdLowerdir2
+        ];
+        neededForBoot = true;
+      };
+      "/ro-userspace-overlay" = {
+        overlay.lowerdir = [
+          userspaceLowerdir
+          userspaceLowerdir2
+        ];
+      };
+    };
+  };
+
+  testScript = ''
+    machine.wait_for_unit("default.target")
+
+    with subtest("Initrd overlay"):
+      machine.wait_for_file("/initrd-overlay/initrd.txt", 5)
+      machine.succeed("touch /initrd-overlay/writable.txt")
+      machine.succeed("findmnt --kernel --types overlay /initrd-overlay")
+
+    with subtest("Userspace overlay"):
+      machine.wait_for_file("/userspace-overlay/userspace.txt", 5)
+      machine.succeed("touch /userspace-overlay/writable.txt")
+      machine.succeed("findmnt --kernel --types overlay /userspace-overlay")
+
+    with subtest("Read only initrd overlay"):
+      machine.wait_for_file("/ro-initrd-overlay/initrd.txt", 5)
+      machine.wait_for_file("/ro-initrd-overlay/initrd2.txt", 5)
+      machine.fail("touch /ro-initrd-overlay/not-writable.txt")
+      machine.succeed("findmnt --kernel --types overlay /ro-initrd-overlay")
+
+    with subtest("Read only userspace overlay"):
+      machine.wait_for_file("/ro-userspace-overlay/userspace.txt", 5)
+      machine.wait_for_file("/ro-userspace-overlay/userspace2.txt", 5)
+      machine.fail("touch /ro-userspace-overlay/not-writable.txt")
+      machine.succeed("findmnt --kernel --types overlay /ro-userspace-overlay")
+  '';
+
+}